A standard piano has 7 full octaves (12 keys each: 7 white + 5 black) plus 3 extra keys at the high end, making 88 keys total.
- Each octave has 12 keys: 7 white (C, D, E, F, G, A, B) and 5 black keys representing sharps (#) or flats (b), for example: C# (sharp) = Db (flat), D# = Eb, and so on.
- Octaves start with C (not A), and the order of white keys is: C, D, E, F, G, A, B.
- After B, it loops back to the next C in the higher octave.
- The lowest note on the piano is A0, and the lowest C is C1, starting the first full octave.
- Middle C (C4) is near the center of the piano and corresponds to MIDI note 60. In MIDI, every key is numbered sequentially:
- 60 = Middle C (C4).
- 61 = C#4 / Db4 (black key next to C4).
- 62 = D4 (white key).
- Each step (+1) moves to the next key, white or black.